Healing peptide library

Body Protection Compound 157 · PL 14736 · Pentadecapeptide BPC 157

A 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. The most-studied healing research peptide, with extensive pre-clinical work on tendon, ligament, gut, and vascular repair.

Thymosin Beta-4 fragment · Tβ4 17-23 · TB500

A synthetic peptide commonly described as a fragment of thymosin beta-4 incorporating the actin-binding 'LKKTETQ' motif. Studied for soft-tissue repair, wound healing, and cardiac tissue regeneration in animal models.

Copper tripeptide-1 · Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper(II)

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) complexed with Cu(II). Extensively studied in dermatology for wound healing, collagen synthesis, antioxidant defence, and hair-follicle stimulation.

Tβ4 · TMSB4X · Full-length thymosin beta-4 · RGN-352

A 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering peptide expressed in nearly all human cells. Distinct from the shorter TB-500 fragment; investigated in cardiac repair, corneal healing, neural regeneration, and dermal regeneration.

PPS · PPS sodium · Elmiron · Cartrophen · SP54

A semi-synthetic sulfated polysaccharide investigated in osteoarthritis, interstitial cystitis, and connective-tissue research for its chondroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant effects — with a critical long-term safety signal regarding pigmentary maculopathy.

α-MSH 11-13 · Lysine-Proline-Valine tripeptide · alpha-MSH C-terminal fragment

A three-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of α-MSH studied for its anti-inflammatory effects in colitis, atopic skin conditions, and mucosal healing models — without the pigmentary effects of full-length MSH.

Cathelicidin LL-37 · hCAP-18 fragment · Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide

The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide — a 37-residue cationic amphipathic helix studied for direct antimicrobial action, wound healing, angiogenesis, and dual-edged modulation of host innate immune responses.

hGH 177-191 analogue · Tyr-hGH(177-191) · Anti-Obesity Drug 9604

A 16-amino-acid C-terminal analogue of human growth hormone, originally investigated for lipolytic activity without IGF-1 effects, and subsequently studied for cartilage repair and post-injury recovery.

AcSDKP · N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro · Goralatide · Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro · N-Acetyl-SDKP

A naturally occurring N-terminal tetrapeptide released from thymosin beta-4 by prolyl oligopeptidase. AC-SDKP circulates endogenously, is rapidly degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and is studied primarily for anti-fibrotic, pro-angiogenic, and haematopoietic regulatory effects across cardiac, renal, and pulmonary tissue.

Epithalon · Epithalone · Tetrapeptide AEDG · Epithalamin tetrapeptide

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) modelled on the bovine pineal extract epithalamin. Investigated primarily in Russian gerontology research for effects on telomerase activity in cultured somatic cells, circadian rhythm normalisation in aged animals, and antioxidant defence. Evidence is largely confined to one research network and independent replication is limited.

Larazotide acetate · AT-1001 · INN-202 · Larazotide acetate (INEFC-002)

An eight-amino-acid synthetic peptide functioning as a tight-junction regulator and zonulin antagonist. Designed for luminal delivery with minimal systemic absorption, larazotide has been investigated in multiple Phase II trials for coeliac disease with persistent symptoms, and represents the furthest-advanced clinical programme for a peptide targeting intestinal barrier function.

CJC1295 · CJC-1295 DAC · CJC-1295 no-DAC · Modified GRF 1-29 · Mod GRF 1-29 · Sermorelin analogue

A 30-amino-acid synthetic GHRH analogue derived from sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) with four amino acid substitutions that confer protease resistance. Available as 'no-DAC' (short-acting; identical to Mod GRF 1-29) or 'DAC' (drug-affinity-complex maleimide-modified for covalent albumin binding and ~8-day half-life). Activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotrophs to drive pulsatile growth-hormone release.

NNC 26-0161 · Ipamorelin acetate · Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2

A pentapeptide GHRP (growth-hormone-releasing peptide) developed by Novo Nordisk in the 1990s, acting as a selective agonist of the GHSR (ghrelin receptor) on pituitary somatotrophs. Distinguished from other GHRP-class compounds by its high GH selectivity — minimal effects on cortisol, prolactin, ACTH, or aldosterone — making it the cleanest GHRP-class research tool when GH-pulse isolation is the experimental goal.

GHRH 1-29 · GRF 1-29 · Geref · Sermorelin acetate

The first 29 amino acids of native human GHRH — the biologically active N-terminal fragment retaining full GHRH-receptor agonism. The prototype GHRH analogue; formerly licensed as Geref by Serono for paediatric growth-hormone deficiency diagnostic testing. Short half-life (~5-12 minutes) and pulsatile-preserving GH-release pattern make it the classical GH-axis research probe.

Egrifta · TH9507 · Tesamorelin acetate · Trans-3-hexenoyl-GHRH 1-44

A stabilised analogue of full-length human GHRH (1-44) with a trans-3-hexenoyl group attached to the N-terminal tyrosine, conferring protease resistance against DPP-4. The only GHRH-analogue compound to hold current FDA approval — licensed as Egrifta (marketed by Theratechnologies) for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Distinguished from sermorelin and CJC-1295 by its retained full 44-amino-acid sequence rather than the 1-29 truncation.

EP-23905 · Examorelin · Hexarelin acetate

A synthetic hexapeptide GHRP-class secretagogue developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici (Italy) as an analogue of GHRP-6 with enhanced GH-releasing activity. Distinguished pharmacologically by producing the largest acute GH-releasing capacity of any GHRP at saturating doses and by direct binding to cardiac CD36 receptors — a unique cardiac-conditioning mechanism not shared by other GHRPs.

Ozempic · Wegovy · Rybelsus · NN9535 · NN9924 (oral)

A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, modified from native GLP-1 with aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) at position 8 (DPP-4 resistance) and a C18 fatty diacid moiety on lysine 26 (albumin binding for ~1-week half-life). Licensed in the UK by the MHRA for type-2 diabetes (Ozempic, subcutaneous; Rybelsus, oral) and chronic weight management (Wegovy, subcutaneous). The most clinically significant GLP-1 receptor agonist of the late 2020s.

Mounjaro · Zepbound · LY3298176

A 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide developed by Eli Lilly as a dual GIPR/GLP-1R co-agonist — the first commercially successful dual incretin receptor agonist. Engineered with C20 fatty diacid acylation on lysine 20 for albumin binding and weekly dosing. Licensed in the UK by the MHRA for type-2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and chronic weight management (Zepbound). Produces larger weight loss than semaglutide in head-to-head trials (SURPASS-2, SURMOUNT-5).

LY3437943 · Triple incretin agonist

An Eli Lilly Phase III development triple agonist of the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors — the next-generation extension of tirzepatide's dual-agonist mechanism with added glucagon-receptor activation for enhanced energy expenditure. Phase II results (Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2023) demonstrated 24.2% mean body weight loss over 48 weeks at the 12 mg dose, exceeding any prior published obesity pharmacotherapy. Not yet licensed in any jurisdiction; TRIUMPH Phase III programme ongoing.

5-amino-1-methylquinolinium · NNMT inhibitor 5-Amino-1MQ · 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide

A small-molecule quinolinium-based selective inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) — the principal NAD+-salvage methylation enzyme that becomes pathologically overexpressed in obesity, where it depletes intracellular methyl-donor and NAD+ pools. Commonly grouped with metabolic research peptides despite being a small molecule, because of its adipocyte and skeletal-muscle metabolic effects in pre-clinical models. Pre-clinical research only — no human clinical-trial data.

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c · MOTSC

A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome — the first MDP discovered with established metabolic-regulatory function. MOTS-c modulates AMPK signalling and folate cycle methylation, with pre-clinical evidence for effects on insulin sensitivity, exercise capacity, and skeletal-muscle glucose handling. Cross-listed in the metabolic and longevity clusters; not licensed in any jurisdiction.

Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro · MEHFPGP · ACTH 4-10 analogue · Semaks

A 7-amino-acid synthetic heptapeptide analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10, developed by the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics (Moscow) in the 1980s for nootropic and neuroprotective applications. Lacks the corticotropic activity of native ACTH while retaining the neurotropic effects on hippocampal BDNF and NGF expression. Registered as a prescription medicine in Russia and several CIS countries; not licensed in the UK or other Western jurisdictions.

Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro · TKPRPGP · Tuftsin analogue · Selanc

A 7-amino-acid synthetic heptapeptide analogue of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin (TKPR), developed alongside Semax by the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics in the 1990s. Distinguished from Semax by its principally anxiolytic rather than nootropic profile, with mechanism involving GABAergic and serotonergic modulation alongside enkephalinase inhibition. Registered as a prescription anxiolytic in Russia; unlicensed in the UK.

Ebewe Cerebrolysin · Porcine brain peptide preparation · FPF 1070

A multi-component peptide and amino-acid preparation derived from porcine brain tissue by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis, developed and manufactured by Ever Pharma (formerly Ebewe Pharma, Austria). Used clinically for over 50 years in stroke, traumatic brain injury, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease — registered as a prescription medicine in 50+ countries including most of continental Europe, but NOT in the UK, US, or Canada. Distinguished from defined-peptide research compounds by its multi-component composition.

N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide · PNB-0408 · Angiotensin IV analogue

A small synthetic hexapeptide angiotensin IV analogue developed by Joseph Harding's group at Washington State University as an orally-bioavailable cognitive enhancer. Distinguished by potentiation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) / c-Met signalling at femtomolar concentrations — approximately seven orders of magnitude more potent than BDNF on equivalent dendritic-spine-formation endpoints in hippocampal slice preparations. Pre-clinical only; no human clinical trials.

HN · MTRNR2 peptide · S14G-Humanin · HNG

A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 16S rRNA region (MTRNR2 gene), discovered by Hashimoto and colleagues in 2003 as a cytoprotective peptide against β-amyloid toxicity in neuronal culture. The first mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) with established bioactive function — foundational to the broader MDP field alongside MOTS-c. Circulating humanin concentrations decline with age and are reduced in Alzheimer's disease, type-2 diabetes, and other age-related conditions.

Elamipretide · Bendavia · MTP-131 · SS-31 peptide

A cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide developed by Hazel Szeto's laboratory (Cornell/Weill Cornell) — the leading clinical-development pharmacological compound targeting cardiolipin biology. SS-31 (elamipretide, formerly Bendavia) selectively partitions into the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, stabilising cristae architecture during oxidative stress. Advanced through Phase III trials in primary mitochondrial myopathy, dry age-related macular degeneration, Barth syndrome, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Not yet licensed but with substantial clinical-trial evidence base.

Tα1 · Zadaxin · Thymalfasin · Ta1

A 28-amino-acid N-terminally acetylated peptide originally isolated from bovine thymus by Allan Goldstein's laboratory in 1977, subsequently characterised as an endogenous immune-modulating peptide produced by thymic epithelial cells. Marketed as Zadaxin (thymalfasin) with regulatory approval in 35+ countries — including in Europe (Italy) but NOT in the UK or US — for chronic hepatitis B and C, as an adjuvant in hepatocellular carcinoma, and in HIV/AIDS contexts. Distinct from Thymosin Beta-4 in both sequence and mechanism.

FTS · Facteur Thymique Sérique · Zinc-thymulin · Serum thymic factor

A 9-amino-acid endogenous thymic peptide (formerly called 'Facteur Thymique Sérique' or FTS) discovered by Jean-François Bach in Paris in the 1970s. Uniquely requires zinc coordination for biological activity — the zinc-bound form (zinc-thymulin) is the bioactive species and zinc deficiency abolishes activity. Studied as an endogenous immune-modulator whose circulating levels decline with age and thymic involution. Pre-clinical and limited early clinical experience; not licensed in any jurisdiction.

Bremelanotide · Vyleesi · PT141 · Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH

A cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin-receptor agonist developed by Palatin Technologies as a Melanotan II derivative optimised for central-nervous-system sexual-function effects with reduced pigmentation activity. Licensed by the FDA as Vyleesi in June 2019 for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women — the first melanocortin-receptor agonist approved for sexual-function indication. Not licensed in the UK.

MT-II · MT2 · Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2

A cyclic heptapeptide non-selective melanocortin-receptor agonist originally developed at the University of Arizona in the 1980s as a synthetic α-MSH analogue for skin pigmentation research. Produces both intended pigmentation effects (via MC1R) and off-target sexual-function effects (via MC4R) — the latter observation leading to the subsequent development of PT-141/Bremelanotide as a Melanotan II derivative. Not licensed in any jurisdiction; widely used in grey-market cosmetic and sexual-function contexts.

Pal-KTTKS · Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 · Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 (older INCI) · Matrixyl 3000 (Pal-GHK + Pal-GQPR variant)

A palmitoylated pentapeptide (Pal-KTTKS) developed by Sederma (a Croda company) as a topical cosmetic ingredient targeting dermal collagen synthesis. The KTTKS pentapeptide is derived from the type-I procollagen α1 chain C-terminal propeptide; the palmitoyl fatty acid modification enables percutaneous absorption to dermal fibroblasts. Widely used in commercial anti-ageing cosmetic products in the UK under the INCI name Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4. Legal cosmetic ingredient under UK Cosmetic Products Regulation.

Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 · Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 (older INCI) · AH-8 · Ac-EEMQRR-NH2

A synthetic hexapeptide developed by Lipotec (Barcelona, subsequently acquired by Lubrizol) as a topical cosmetic ingredient producing a 'topical Botox-like' anti-wrinkle effect through SNARE complex disruption. Derived from the N-terminal region of the SNAP-25 protein — the neuronal target of botulinum toxin type A. INCI-listed as Acetyl Hexapeptide-8; widely used in commercial anti-ageing skincare products. Legal cosmetic ingredient in the UK.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide · Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu

A 9-amino-acid endogenous peptide first isolated by Marcel Monnier and colleagues from rabbit cerebral venous blood during sleep induction experiments in 1977. Named for the sleep-related activity observed in the initial characterisation, though the pharmacology has proven far broader than the name suggests — including effects on stress adaptation, opioid system modulation, and neuroprotection. Never licensed as a medicine in any jurisdiction; remains a research-chemical and academic-research compound.

Long R3 IGF-1 · Long Arg3 IGF-1 · LR3 IGF-1

A recombinant analogue of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with two engineering modifications: N-terminal 13-amino-acid extension (giving the 'Long' designation) and glutamate-to-arginine substitution at position 3 (the 'R3' designation). Both modifications reduce affinity for IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), leaving more free unbound IGF-1 available for IGF-1R receptor binding and consequently substantially extending biological half-life versus native IGF-1. Widely used in cell culture research; not licensed as a medicine.

FST · Follistatin-344 · Follistatin-315 · ACE-083 (myostatin propeptide)

A secreted glycoprotein originally isolated from ovarian follicular fluid as an inhibitor of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion — the origin of the name. Subsequently characterised as a high-affinity inhibitor of members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, particularly myostatin (GDF-8) and activin. The myostatin-inhibitor mechanism has driven substantial research interest in skeletal-muscle applications including Duchenne muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia. Not licensed as a medicine.

FOXO4 D-retro-inverso peptide · Proxofim (in some contexts) · Senolytic FOXO4 peptide

A synthetic D-amino-acid retro-inverso peptide developed by Peter de Keizer's laboratory in Utrecht as a senolytic — a compound that selectively kills senescent cells. Disrupts the FOXO4-p53 protein-protein interaction that senescent cells specifically depend on, triggering p53-mediated apoptosis in senescent but not healthy cells. Extensively researched in pre-clinical longevity models; no clinical development to marketing authorisation.

α-Klotho · KL protein · Klotho protein · Soluble Klotho (sKlotho)

A single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein named after Klotho, the Greek Fate who spins the thread of life. Encoded by the Klotho gene whose loss-of-function in mice produces a dramatic accelerated-ageing phenotype (Kuro-o et al., Nature 1997), establishing Klotho as one of the most-validated 'longevity gene' targets in mammalian aging biology. Multiple functions: FGF23 co-receptor for phosphate homeostasis, and independent effects on IGF-1 signalling, oxidative stress, and neuronal function through mechanisms partially incompletely characterised. Not licensed as a medicine.

LY3502970 · Oral GLP-1 receptor agonist (non-peptide)

An Eli Lilly Phase III oral non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist — the first orally-active non-peptide GLP-1 agonist to advance to Phase III registration trials. Unlike semaglutide's oral formulation (Rybelsus), which requires SNAC absorption enhancement and stringent fasting protocols, orforglipron is a true small-molecule agonist with unrestricted oral bioavailability. Included on this reference alongside peptide GLP-1 agonists because it occupies the same GLP-1R pharmacological space with meaningfully different practical properties. Phase III ATTAIN (obesity) and ACHIEVE (type-2 diabetes) programmes are ongoing.

Cagrilintide + Semaglutide · NN9838 combination

A Novo Nordisk Phase III fixed-dose combination of semaglutide (the licensed GLP-1 receptor agonist) with cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analogue) — pairing complementary appetite-suppressing mechanisms in a single weekly subcutaneous injection. Amylin (a pancreatic β-cell peptide co-secreted with insulin) provides an appetite-suppressing pathway distinct from GLP-1's incretin mechanism; combining the two produces additive weight-loss effects. Phase III REDEFINE programme is ongoing.

BI 456906 · Dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist

A Boehringer Ingelheim / Zealand Pharma Phase III dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist — a two-receptor mechanism intermediate between semaglutide's single GLP-1R agonism and retatrutide's triple GLP-1R/GIPR/glucagon-R agonism. The GLP-1 + glucagon combination pairs appetite suppression (GLP-1R) with energy-expenditure enhancement (glucagon-R) without the additional GIPR dimension of retatrutide. Phase III SYNCHRONIZE programme is ongoing in obesity and metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).